Austria, Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands have reported an increase in cases of "psittacosis" observed in 2023 and early 2024 through the European Union's Early Warning and Response System (EWRS). Five deaths have also been reported. The "World Health Organization" warned of a "deadly outbreak of psittacosis affecting individuals living in several European countries." Four deaths occurred in Denmark, and one in the Netherlands, with dozens hospitalized in Austria, Germany, and Sweden.
**What is "Psittacosis" and Who is Most at Risk?**
Psittacosis is a respiratory infection caused by the bacterium *Chlamydophila psittaci* (C. psittaci), which often infects birds. Human infection mainly occurs through contact with the secretions of infected birds and is mostly associated with those who work with pet birds, poultry workers, veterinarians, pet bird owners, and gardeners in areas where *C. psittaci* is endemic among domestic birds. The affected countries have conducted epidemiological investigations to identify potential exposure cases and clusters. Additionally, measures implemented include testing samples from wild birds for avian influenza to check for the spread of *C. psittaci* among wild birds. The WHO continues to monitor the situation and, based on available information, assesses the risk posed by this event as low.
**Common Symptoms in Birds**
There are 6 common symptoms of bird infection, with wet droppings "similar to diarrhea in mammals" being a notable symptom linked to parrot fever at all stages, according to the "Veterinary Emergency Group." Infected birds may experience respiratory difficulties. If parrot fever causes liver damage in the bird, the urine and droppings may appear lemon-green or yellow. If the bird has a fever due to this disease, it may experience shivering and trembling. Infected birds typically suffer from "loss of appetite and weight loss," making it unlikely for a sick bird to want to eat. Another symptom that may be associated with parrot fever is nasal discharge, which is quite common with the disease.
**Common Symptoms in Humans**
Most individuals who contract parrot fever experience mild illness that begins 5 to 14 days after exposure to an infected bird and may include headache, muscle pain, dry cough, fever, and chills. Symptoms are generally mild and can include fever, aches, and cough, with extreme cases potentially leading to "pneumonia." Antibiotics can treat the illness, and it is rarely fatal to humans. "Tetracycline and doxycycline" are effective antibiotics against the disease, while young children can be treated with "azithromycin," according to "Healthline." Most individuals treated for parrot fever recover fully, but recovery may be slow in older adults, very young children, or those with other health issues. If left untreated, the illness can progress to severe pneumonia, inflammation of the heart, hepatitis, or even brain swelling, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
